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Shadow Economies:
The Hidden Networks of Informal Markets in Africa.

A network analysis using weighted degree clustering to reveal cross-regionaleconomic similarities across 49 African nations (2018-2022), uncovering sixdistinct economic archetypes: from the 'North African Formalists' withemerging formal sectors to the 'Traditional Market Zones' where informaleconomies can exceed 60% of GDP.

By: Néstor Tobar
Universidad Icesi 2025

Source: Synthetic data generated based on known patterns
from studies on Africa’s informal economy.